Math Hl Type 1 Shadows - 3091 Words

Higher Level Mathematics Internal Assessment Type I Shadow Functions Contents Introduction: Functions/Polynomials 3 Part A: Quadratic Polynomials 4 Part B: Cubic Polynomials 12 Introduction: In mathematics, function is defined as a relationship, or more of a correspondence between the set of input values and the set of output values. Also, a rule is involved, or as it may be referred to, a ‘set of ordered pairs’ that assigns a unique output for each of the input. The output correspondence is usually defined as f and the output is x. The correspondence is denoted as f(x). All functions are mainly defined by two factors, as was mentioned before, set of inputs - which are called arguments; and outputs - which†¦show more content†¦So it can be said that: -(x+2)2-9+18 = -Y1+2Ym = Y2 At this point, the real and imaginary components of the complex zeros of Y1 can be found using the values for zeros of Y2. As it is known, Y1 has complex zeros of a form of a ±ib and Y2 has zeros of a ±b. With this information available, I will show you how to obtain value for complex zeros of Y1. Consider a function Y1, with a general statement of: Y1 = (x-a)2+b2 As it has been found earlier, this function has zeros of a ±ib. It also has a shadow function Y2: Y2 = -(x-a)2+b2 With zeros of a ±b. If we say that a = 2 and b = -3, then this function has zeros of 2 ±(-3). In this form of zeros, we can say that 2 is the x value of the vertex coordinates, lying on the axis of symmetry of Y2 on the x-axis, and  ±3 are just the distances between the mid point 2 to the points where Y2 intersects x-axis. It is clearly shown on the graph below. As we know the zeros of Y2, it will be very easy to determine the complex zeros of Y1. 2 will equal to the real part of the complex zeros of Y1, and subsequently,  ±3 will equal to the imaginary part of the complex roots. Although, as we know that y-axis is the imaginary axis, the imaginary parts of the complex roots obtained, of the Y1, will be plot according to the y-axis. As you may have observed, in order to get the complex zeros ofShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesmanagement : case studies I Harold Kerzner. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-471-75167-0 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-471-75167-7 (pbk.) 1. Project management-Case studies. I. Title. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface xi 1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES 1 Lakes Automotive 3 Fems Healthcare, Inc. Clark Faucet Company 2 5 7 11 IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT Kombs Engineering 13 Williams Machine Tool CompanyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestwentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010

English- Short Story Analysis Free Essays

Valenzuela Instructor English 101 17 September 2012 Discovering an Identity Self-deliberation arises quicker during the stresses of life. Breaking forth through these stresses comes from the realization that freedom is obtained through the willingness to welcome a new world, leaving behind the past. Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on English- Short Story Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mallard comes in contact with the experience itself, as she receives news of her husband’s death, Brently Mallard, in an accident. Grieving this pain she encloses herself within the room of her home, knowing no one will follow behind her. Left alone, she embarks on a reflection of her past, realizing the breakage that lies behind her and willingly steps forth to accept the future that lies ahead, foreshadowing the brightness of the identity she longs to discover. In the short story, The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin, the symbolism of the window’s images support the idea that personal freedom constructs ultimate peace with an identity. Through the use of symbolism, the window was seen to be an image of the possibilities beyond the life she had as a sense of freedom conveyed the very willpower that allowed for her to find an identity. Alone the window has a significance of presenting possibilities to the speaker. â€Å"There stood, facing the window, a comfortable, roomy armchair† (299). Noticing the emphasis of the window being in front of the chair shows a possible escape from the truth the speaker just witnessed. Being invited by a comfortable chair to look through the window only emphasizes more to the point that this sort of reflection is needed, and that through this escape she will feel the freedom at once when she feels alone with herself to wonder. Beyond the window reveals a preview of the life that would complete the image of the life that Mrs. Mallard seeks to obtain. â€Å"She could see in the open square before her house the tops of the trees that were aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air† (299). As Mrs. Mallard spies through the window- â€Å"the open square†- she witnesses the liveliness of spring. Analyzing the context of spring, the idea of rebirth drives through the mind of the speaker, however the connotation of â€Å"spring† can be analyzed much further. Spring can be seen as the liveliness of youth such as the possibilities of exploring sexual freedom as she experiences the rebirth after the loss of her husband. Rain also holds connotations that point towards the ideas of rebirth; through this, Mrs. Mallard smelling the scents of rain reveals a sort of spiritual cleansing, as she reacts towards the death of her husband and reflecting upon it. Because the window presents these images of, symbolically, reliving life, Mrs. Mallard experiences and sees the possibilities that face her ahead of time. This experience for the speaker then suddenly becomes more than just a reflection of the recent news, but a presentation- done by the window- for her to view the life beyond the closed door and suspend herself within the world she never had beyond the married life of her husband. With the presentation of her possibilities for a future, she senses the freedom that lives within her. There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully†¦ she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air† (300). Feeling the window open up into her world, she senses that something beyond the clouds beseeches her to welcome them into her life. This sort of â€Å"monstrous joy† –as described later in the text- demands a welcome from Mrs. Mallard as an initiation towards the revival of her new world. Though she fears the unknown object that she describes, â€Å"†¦she was striving to beat it back with her will- as powerless as her two white slender hands† (300), realizing her weakness while fighting back the possession of the unknown entity, she shows a lack of true interest to fight back knowing that she must submit to the future that lies ahead of her. Through the experience of coming forth and welcoming the fear of moving on, she seeks the freedom presented by the window. Ultimately, a sign of an identity in the end shows her happiness through the imagination of the days that lie ahead of her. Spring days, summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she thought with a shudder that life might be long† (300). Discovering her days are meant to be lived without the intrusion from her husband, she senses that although her life was once the depression of her day, now became the essence of her identity. Living through this ideology, she feels that she can move on through whatever her life brings forth to her, because she would feel as though all was meant to be given to her. She brought this thinking forward even in the end when the surprise of finding her husband unharmed from the accident, which in the end killed her. â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease- of joy that kills† (301). The heart disease that had her worried for her life in the beginning of the short story then became the relief that she felt when she left the world to pursue the joy without her husband intruding on her sudden realization of an identity. Heart disease, in the context, reveals itself as the â€Å"joy that kills† emphasizing the discovery of her freedom through the disease that she feared would kill her. Noticing that the identity for herself lied within the freedom that she obtained from her husband, she died to achieve this ultimate peace with the identity she found. Through the use of the symbolism that the images of the window present to Mrs. Mallard, a sense of personal freedom constructs the idealness of obtaining an identity. And in this short story, The Story of An Hour, The breakthrough represents itself through the most peculiar ways. Mrs. Mallard through the story discovered her life was to be relived through the images of the window as they revealed the possibilities that brought forth her true identity. Henceforth, discovering in the end that her husband never allowed her freedom within the marriage by being alive brought forth her breakthrough; Revealing itself through the joys of being set free in death, she is brought to the haven she so desperately desired, growing to be the individual that lives or, in this case, dies without the handcuffed life she lived through with her marriage to Brently Mallard. How to cite English- Short Story Analysis, Essay examples

Explain the Role of Computer Systems in Different Environments free essay sample

Department of Business Computing Programme Title |BTEC HND/HNC in Computing Systems Development | |Unit Title |Computer Systems |Unit Number |2 / PART 1 | |Candidate’s Name: | | |Assessor’s Name: |Esam Harb |Verifier’s Name: |Mr R Jamei | |Date of IV of Brief: | |Signature of IV: | | |Issue Date: |28. 12. 2012 |Due Date: |27. 03. 2013 | |Plagiarism: | |Where there is evidence of plagiarism the assignment will be rejected and the candidate will not have an opportunity to re-submit the work. This will, | |inevitably, jeopardise your chances of completing the unit. | |Deadlines: | |Work that is not handed in on time will be subject to College policy on late submission of work and may not be graded or marked. This could result in you| |failing the course unless there are exceptional circumstances which must be explained to your tutor and agreed by the Curriculum Manager. | |Referral of Assignments: | |Questions marked â€Å"Pxx† need to be completed successfully to achieve a Pass grade. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the Role of Computer Systems in Different Environments or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only then can you achieve a Merit grade by completing the question(s) | |marked â€Å"Mxx†, and a Distinction by completing the question(s) marked â€Å"Dxx† in addition to the Merit questions(s). Where this identification of possible | |higher grades does not exist the general higher grades descriptors, which follow, will apply. |Work not meeting the minimum requirement for pass grade will be referred back to the learner who will have TWO weeks to rectify any shortcoming. | |All decisions or grades are subject to internal and/ or external verification and may be modified. If you feel that an assessment decision is | |unjustified, you are entitled to appeal. | |For further details on any of the above please refer to your Course Handbook

Iraq War in 2003

Introduction Iraq war 2003 is considered as the 2nd Gulf war. In 2001, when George Bush became the president, chances of war in Iraq grew rapidly as Bush administration accused Iraq of producing weapons of mass destruction. Iraq countered this allegation, but could not stop the US from pushing the issue further. Afterwards, the war started on March 20, 2003 in which US was supported by around 40 countries. The power was taken from Saddam in just few days but the effects of the war can still be seen after 9 years (Fitzgerald, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Iraq War in 2003 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coverage by Gulf News Most of the articles in Gulf News cover the destruction that the world has seen as a result of this war that was never desired by people of Iraq. The poverty level has gone up sharply as benefits provided by Saddam’s government certainly stopped after his demise. Acco rding to an article published in Gulf news on February 4, 2012, there were around 100,000 Iraqis killed as a result of bombing and numerous others have died in other violence and sectarian attacks (Gulf News, 2012). The Humanitarian Group Relief International estimates that 10% of the women are widower and are leading households in Iraq. Another article in the Gulf News also covers the stories regarding the torture faced by the prisoners in the occupied country from the attacking alliance, which is a clear violation of human rights and the UN constitution (Gulf News, 2010). Coverage by Washington Post Washington Post started to give coverage to the Iraq war since the inception of the debate on Iraq in the US Congress. Later the resolution was passed to attack Iraq by the US government. The article titled ‘Hussain’s Baghdad Falls’, designates Saddam a ruthless leader. It holds Saddam responsible for spreading poverty and fear in the country for decades. The articl e clearly justifies actions of the US government. Another articles placed in the Washington Post on December 10, 2011 states consequences of US war against Iraq. It mentions that the people perceive the US army as the killer, not the defender, and they are certainly against the long term presence of the US army in their Iraq. The article further mentions that around 92,614 people were killed by the US army from March 2003 to March 2008, but exactly how many Iraqis were killed may never be known (Sly, 2005). Coverage by Azzaman Newspaper The views covered by the Iraqi newspapers is quite different from that published in Washington Post however, there are similarities with those of Gulf News. The news paper covered the loss as a resultant of the war including the loss of killing the innocent citizen, destruction to infrastructure and the economy as whole. Moreover, it talked about the effects of war on the control of oil rich region where Kurds do not allow national army to make any i nterference. This region which borders with Turkey has been the root of conflict between Iraq and Turkey which is leading to imbalance in the region and could lead to civil war within Iraq (Abdulsalam, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The Gulf News and Azzaman have presented the actual picture of the condition of Iraq since the inception of the war. They have covered the loss sustained by the people as well as their perception regarding this war. The Washington Times, on the other hand, has tried to defend the vicious acts of the US government. It blames Saddam Hussain for all that is happening in Iraq and further, an impression has been created that the US government is being helpful to the people by financially supporting them. Reference List Abdulsalam, F. (2012). War over oil and wealth in Iraq. Azzaman. Web. Fitzgerald, P. (2011). Iraq War Summary. The fin er times. Web. Gulf News. (2010). Prosecute those Involved in Iraq War. Gulf news. Web. Gulf News. (2012). Iraq war widows face government apathy. Gulf news. Web. Sly, L. (2005). Civilian killings created insurmountable hurdle to extended U.S. troop presence in Iraq.  Washington Post. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Iraq War in 2003 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This research paper on Iraq War in 2003 was written and submitted by user Scream to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cozumel essays

Cozumel essays Cozumel: Ah-Cuzamil-Peten The place known as modern day Cozumel was settled over 2,000 years ago by people of the Maya Civilization. They discovered the tiny island off the Yucatan Peninsula and named it Ah-Cuzamil-Peten., meaning land of the swallows, after the native birds that live there. The island was an important trade and religious center for the Maya. Merchants used to buy the salt and honey produced on the island. The Maya considered salt and honey more valuable than gold. Historians believe that El Caracol ruin was built as an ancient lighthouse to guide the travelers safely to shore. Cozumel was also the home of the Ixchel (lady rainbow), the Moon Goddess of fertility, pregnancy and childbirth. Ixchel was one of the most important gods in the Maya religious pantheon. Every woman in Mesoamerica was required, at least once in her life, to make a pilgrimage and place an offering on Ixchels altar. Today, Ixchels ruins and ceremonial center can be seen at San Gervasio ruins. . During the early 1500s, shortly after the New World was discovered, Spain began intensely exploring. In 1518, Juan de Grijalva, the nephew to the Cuban Governor, was investigating the Yucatan Peninsula. He left Havana with 300 men and four ships. Eighteen days into his trip, he discovered Cozumel when his ship was blown off course. He mentioned the island to Hernan Cortes who arrived in 1519 in search of gold. In 1519, when Herrnan Cortes, arrived at Cozumel with 11 hips and 750 men, he found two shipwrecked Spaniards. Geronimo de Aguilar and Gonzales Guerrera had been living on the island with the Maya for over 15 years, first as slaves but then finally as citizens of the community. Legend has it that de Aguilar was so happy to be rescued that he jumped from shore and started swimming towards the Cortes ship when it was still 20 miles away. Guerrera chose to remain on the isla...

Exploration and History of Banned Books

Exploration and History of Banned Books A banned book is one that has been removed from the shelves of a library, bookstore, or  classroom because of its controversial content. In some cases, banned books of the past have been burned and/or refused publication. Possession of banned books has at times been regarded as an act of treason or heresy, which was punishable by death, torture, prison time, or other acts of retribution. A book may be challenged or banned on political, religious, sexual, or social grounds. We take the acts of banning or challenging a book as a serious matter because these are forms of censorshipstriking at the very core of our freedom to read. The History of Banned Books A book may be considered a banned book if the work has been banned in the past. We still discuss these books and the censorship surrounding them not only because it gives us insight into the time in which the book was banned, but it also gives us some perspective on books that are banned and challenged today.Many of the books that we consider rather tame today were once hotly debated works of literature. Then, of course, books that were once popular bestsellers are sometimes challenged or banned in classrooms or libraries because the cultural viewpoint and/or language that was accepted at the time of the books publication is no longer deemed appropriate to read. Time has a way of changing our perspective on literature. Why Discuss Banned Books? Of course, just because a book has been banned or challenged in some parts of the United States doesnt mean it has happened where you live. You may be one of the fortunate few who have never experienced banning. Thats why its so important for us to discuss the reality of banned books.Its important to know about the cases that are happening in other parts of the United States, and its important to be aware of the cases of book banning and censorship that are taking place around the world. Amnesty International directs attention to just a few writers from China, Eritrea, Iran, Myanmar, and Saudi Arabia, who have been persecuted for their writings.

Sentencing and the Eighth Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sentencing and the Eighth Amendment - Essay Example clearly states that if a person is convicted more than two times for minor offenses, the third strike will either lead to a 25 year jail term or life imprisonment (Schmalleger, 2006). It was unfair to jail a person for life because he stole a bottle of vitamins. Furthermore, the court viewed the matter as a petty theft due to hunger, but the law had to be applied. Similar cases of certiorari denial will probably appear in future. This is due to the recent increase of offenses all across America, California included. Shoplifting is not something new, and the trend appears not to be dropping soon (Schmalleger, 2006). According to the California courts, the three strikes law will always apply to offenders with more than three criminal records. This can only be changed if the courts decide to amend their law. The three strikes law should apply only to severe and serious crimes. The same case applies here. It is rare for a court to go against its laws and judge a case out of common sense (Schmalleger, 2006). Hence, if a case such as Riggs is heard in the future, then the verdict will still be the same. This could only change if the courts decide to amend their

Development public expenditures & Urban services delivery Essay

Development public expenditures & Urban services delivery - Essay Example Developmental public expenditure includes expenditure on infrastructure, development of agriculture, and public enterprises. This expenditure incurred by the government increases capacity of production and in the long run acts source of income to the government (Shantayanan Devarajan, 1996). Redistributive public expenditure is public expenditures incurred by the government to foster public health to benefit all persons. Government use expenditures as devices for redistribution. Redistributive public expenditure includes expenditure incurred by the government in the provision of public health, welfare, education, and public pension. How maintaining adequate levels of urban service delivery at the time of falling revenue and shrinking budgets has become a monumental challenge for government at all levels (Shantayanan Devarajan, 1996). Shantayanan et al (1996) argues that falling revenue and shrinking budgets have become a challenge to the government to maintain sufficient delivery of municipal services (Shantayanan Devarajan, 1996). Households that are poor spend all their income to meet daily needs and are not able to save for future. In addition, the government lack resources for budgetary to make public investment and administration by employing managers that are qualified and using current systems of technology (Shantayanan Devarajan, 1996). On the other hand, foreign investors move from economies with no underlying infrastructure. The government should put down strategies to increase profits and strategies to address deficit budget. The government should enhance employment and growth of the economy; an economy that grows faster provides win-win results of a wide proverbial pie of economy to divide, with greater tax revenues and employment, lowering safety of net spending lower debt to GDP ratio. The government should make trade-offs that are equitable since most budgets have choices of win-lose outcomes, showing how government revenues

Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Financial Statements Essay There are four basic financial statements that companies use. They begin with income statement, statement of owner’s equity, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. Company’s use income statements to report how much money they have made and how much they have spent over a specified period of time. The statement of owner’s equity is used to report any changes in equity from a company’s net income or net loss, as well as report changes in the owner’s investments and withdrawals over a specified period of time. The balance sheet is used to report a company’s financial position at any point in time. This statement includes information such as what types of assets and their amounts, liabilities, and equity. The statement of cash flows is the last document out of the four basic financial statements. This statement is used to report how much money a company is bringing in (receipts), and how much they are spending (payments), during a specific period of time. Any changes found in assets and liabilities on a balance sheet reflect the revenues and expenses found in the income statement, which in turn results in gains or losses for a company. The statement of cash flows reports more information concerning the cash assets that are listed on a balance sheet and a linked, but not necessarily the same, as the net income found on the company’s income statement. Financial statements are nothing but numbers on a document when they’re on their own, but together, they provide valuable and powerful information for a company to make very big decisions about how to run their company, and how to make decisions for their company in the future. The information is also valuable for investors to make wise and educated decisions for investing in companies.

Essay on Voltaire’s Candide: Use of Language -- Candide essays

Use of Language in Candide      Ã‚  Ã‚   A great philosopher Liebnitz once said that this is the best possible of all worlds. Voltaire disagrees. In Voltaire's Candide, the impartial narrator travels to distant lands and experiences a range of extremes. After having spent a great deal of time away from his homeland, and having seen more than most people see in a lifetime, the narrator is forced to conclude that this may not be the best possible world because of the reality of evil. Voltaire relates this point very effectively through his mastery of language and the choices he makes, both gramatically and content-related.    In one particular passage, Voltaire uses explicit diction, exaggerated details and manipulated syntax in order to contrast the optimist's romantic view of battle with the horrible reality that is war. Voltaire's grossly exaggerated details give a somewhat comical description of an otherwise horrible event.   "The cannons battered down about six thousand men", and then "the musket-fire removed...about nine or ten thousand" and finally, the bayonet kil... ...g his lifetime, Voltaire awakened people through his writing.   He masterfully chose his diction and details to show the contrast between the ridiculous ideas of the optimist and the truth that only the realist could see.   His choice of syntax leaves the reader with unforgettable images of war that will have a lasting effect.   Through his clever satire, Voltaire urges the reader to be more practical rather than happily ignorant.    Work Cited: Voltaire.   Candide.   Trans. Bair, Lowell.   New York: Bantam Books, 1988.

Discuss the Marketing Environment Essay

The Marketing Environment consists of a complex set of interacting forces and influences outside the marketing department of an organization. The Marketing Environment affects the organization’s ability to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with its target customers. Through continuous monitoring its Marketing Environment a company must be able to anticipate change and act in a pro active way rather than leaving it to a reactive reaction. It must also keep up to date by realizing any effective changing forces. It does this by monitoring SWOT i.e. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Obviously wanting to maximize on Strengths and Opportunities and eliminate Weaknesses and Threats. Marketers must use marketing intelligence and market research when monitoring the Marketing Environment. The Marketing Environment can be divided into two main categories; the Micro and the Macro Environment. The Micro Environment This can also be divided. Internal Environment and Forces close to the organization. The Internal Environment. This consists of Top Management and Other departments. The Top management is responsible for setting the organizations overall mission, objectives, strategies and policies to guide all the organizations departments and employees. The success of the company is dependant on the competence of the Top managers. Other departments must co-ordinate their efforts as to maximize potential and avoid conflicts. The smoother the departments work together the better the overall outcome is going to be. All employees should realize the importance of being market-orientated and of delivering customer satisfaction. Forces close to the organization. This consists of Competitors, Marketing  Intermediaries, Suppliers of resources, Customers and Publics. Competitors: must offer superior value & satisfaction than their competitors and make it widely known throughout the target market. Companies must make an effort to attract their target customers and retain them by delivering customer satisfaction. These companies must watch their competitors closely as to retain their market share and maybe win some of the competitor’s market share. Marketing Intermediaries: These are firms that assist the company hiring them to promote, sell and distribute its products to target customers. Resellers will help find target customers or sell to them. Transportation firms help companies stock and transport goods. Agencies providing marketing services are marketing research agencies, advertising agencies, and marketing consulting firms. Financial intermediaries are organizations that will sell financial services to companies. Suppliers of resources: A company must be very careful as to watch for any changes (shortages, delays, labour strikes etc) as they are damaging to the companies sales and reputation. The organization is as efficient as its suppliers. Customers: Firstly a company must identify its target market. Then develop the right 4P’s to build long term customer relationships. An organizations target customers may be part of different markets. Consumer markets which are people who buy for personal use, these are called final consumers. Business Markets are companies that buy goods or services in order to use them for production in order to resell at a profit, these are called business customers. Government markets rent goods or services to carry out the main functions of the government. Institutional markets are schools & hospitals that provide goods or services to those in the organization. International markets are any of the customer markets but are situated overseas. Each market has its own particular features. Organizations must study the market/s to which they are selling to so as to understand its/their characteristics; including the way buying decisions are made. Publics: are groups that have an actual or potential interest in or on the companies ability to achieve its objectives. These publics include Media, Financial, Local, Internal, General, Citizen Action, or Government. The Macro Environment The Macro Environment can be considered as forces. These forces can be split into four categories: Demographic forces, Natural forces, Political forces and Social forces. Demographic Forces This is the study of the population. Demographic trends include Growing world population, Ageing population, Increasing Diversity, Changes in family structure, and a more Educated population. Growing world population: The number of needs increases as the population increases. These increased needs backed by purchasing power create market opportunities. These opportunities must be exploited. Ageing population: If the older segment of the population increases opportunities for companies that target this segment of the market. Likewise it creates threats companies that target a young market. These companies can react by offering a product suitable for an older market on top of their original product. Increasing diversity: The nationality and racial make up of the country/ies where they are selling their products should be considered. People’s wants are generally due to their nationality or race. Due to advancements in technology and transportation this has and is likely to continue increasing. Changes in family structure: Nowadays families have gotten smaller. This means that the usual budget for food etc is obviously going to get smaller i.e. with a higher standard of living an increase in purchases of various  products is probable. Women working have also increased so with money in their pocket a new segment of potential customers has been created. There is also a shift in husband and wife roles so now household products should also be aimed at husbands as well as wives. A more educated population: As a result of this the demand for quality products, book, formal clothing etc has increased. Natural Forces These are forces to do with natural resources. These forces can be split into four categories: Raw material shortage, Increased pollution, Increased government intervention and Environmentalism. Raw Material Shortage: Non renewable resources pose a serious threat. Companies face problems such as increasing costs and protests. Some day they’ll have to find substitute materials to use in production. Renewable resources also pose a problem if depletion rate supersedes its renewal rate. Companies using these resources face the same problems. Seemingly infinite resources are being destroyed due to pollution. Companies causing such harm face bad word of mouth and a bad reputation. Increased pollution: This poses a health as well as other threats to the general society. These industries must face bad word of mouth. Increased government intervention: This intervention in resource management varies across countries. Government laws and regulations must be monitored by companies as to not break laws and face consequences. Environmentalism: These cause pressure; sometimes so much that they actually damage a company’s reputation and influence government intervention. Now companies go beyond and develop a plan that is known as an environmentally sustainable strategy and develop ecologically safer products. Political Forces These are forces such as laws, government agencies and pressure groups. These forces vary with country and possibly time. There job is to protect organizations from each other, consumers from organizations and their deceptive practices etc, and society as a whole. Businesses are not only limited by laws and regulations but ethical and social codes are also considered. Most Businesses adopt the Societal Marketing Concept. Economic Forces These are forces that affect consumers’ spending ability and spending patterns. These are split into Changes in Average Income, Changes in Income Distribution, and Changing Consumer Spending Patterns. Changes in Average Income: means that a high average income level by means of a raise can lead to an increase in demand for quality products and a fall for cheaper, more inferior products. Obviously a fall in average income can lead to the opposite. Companies must therefore be very aware of the changing in incomes and adjust to the accordingly. Changes in Income Distribution: The segments are rich, middle income, and low income and people living on welfare. These segments sizes are likely to change over time. Once again the company must be monitoring this to spot changes to identify the trends in its target market/s. Companies can choose to offer two or more variations of their product in order to satisfy all parts of the Income Distribution chain ex. Books. Changing Consumer Spending Patterns: Patterns are changing every day. As income increases products such as food etc are spent on less than housing, transportation etc. This is what help businesses decide on whether to expand in the same line of products or find an alternative line. Cultural Forces Beliefs and values are divided into: core beliefs and values and beliefs  which are difficult to change, and secondary beliefs and values which are easier to change. A company must either find a way of adjusting its product to fit the core beliefs and values or try and change the secondary beliefs through marketing activities etc. These beliefs are mainly attributes of ones society. A person holds views on: 1. her/himself – people buy products that match their personalities. 2. other people – people want to interact with society, therefore there is a demand for  products that improve their relationships with others ex. Clubs etc. 3. various institutions – a positive attitude towards an institution means that people will trust this institution. Companies do this buy adopting the Societal Marketing Concept. 4. his/her society – people prefer buying products made in their own company. 5. the natural environment – if people feel close to nature a demand in products such as health food will increase. i.e. if the company harms the environment this will reflect badly. 6. the universe and spirituality – if religious convictions and practice falls, materialism  takes over. If it doesn’t fall companies promote their products with a spiritual theme. Any organization needs to research such views and adjust each of the 4P’s accordingly. Technological Forces A new technology implies new market opportunities for some organizations and threats for others. Companies once realizing this must keep up to date in order for technology to help them become more efficient, thus making them more successful.

HIV And Migration Health And Social Care Essay

The AIDS epidemic was foremost recognized on June 5, 1981, in the United States when the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) , reported bunchs of Pneumocystis pneumonia caused by a signifier of Pneumocystitis carinii in five homosexual work forces in Los Angeles. Over the following 18 months more PCP bunchs were recognized along with timeserving diseases like Kaposi ‘s Sarcoma and relentless lymphadenopathy nowadays in immunosuppressed patients. It was suggested in 1982 that a sexually transmitted infective agent might be the causative factor and the presence in bunchs of cheery work forces resulted in the initial term â€Å" GRID † or gay-related immune lack. Health governments shortly realized that about half of the instances recognized were non homosexual work forces and therefore the term GRID was abandoned. Same form of timeserving infections were besides recognized amongst Intravenous drug users, haemophiliac and Haitian immigrants. By August 1982 the disease was being recognized by its new CDC given name Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) . Research work had started by this clip on finding the causative agent. In 1983 a squad of Gallic physicians isolated the a virus which was confirmed by research workers in US and after work on the new strains identified from AIDS patients the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses coined the name HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus ) . It was subsequently established that AIDS spread had started decennaries before these first bunchs were recognized in 1981. Earliest Samples Four of the earliest studied specimen known to hold HIV were, A plasma sample taken in 1959 from a adult male life in Congo, from a lymph node sample from an grownup female besides from Congo, an American adolescent who died in 1969 and a tissue sample from a Norse crewman who died around 1976. After these surveies it was suggested that first instances of HIV were introduced into human around 1940s or the early 1950s. It was farther suggested as a consequence of a new survey that the first instance of HIV-1 occurred around 1931 in West Africa based on a complex computing machine theoretical account of HIV development. Subsequently a survey in 2008 dated the beginning of HIV to be between 1884 and 1924 and demonstrated that variegation of HIV-1 occurred long earlier AIDS pandemic was recognized. It is suggested that when AIDS was foremost noted in 1981 there were an approximative figure of 100,000 to 300,000 bing instances of AIDS. In these old ages of soundless spread one of the major factors which played a function was international travel. In the US for case, international travel undertaken by immature work forces doing the most of the homosexual sexual revolution of the late seventies and early 80s surely played a big portion in taking the virus worldwide. Similarly in Africa travel within the towns, metropoliss etc. resulted in the spread of the disease.MigrationMigration is the motion of people across a specified boundary for the intent of set uping a new or semi-permanent abode. There are assorted types of migrations Cyclic Movement – Involves transposing, seasonal motion and nomadism Periodic Movement – Migrant labour, Military Service related and pastoral agriculture Transhumance Migratory Movement – Includes motion of people from one portion of the universe to another, e.g. from China to Southeast Asia, from Europe or Africa to north America and from Eastern US to Western portion Rural Exodus – Migration from rural countries to metropoliss Forced Migration – Due to disease, war, dearth & A ; catastrophe All of these types of migration played a important function in spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Migration is governed by certain Torahs of societal scientific disciplines which have following cardinal points. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration Majority of migrators move a short distance Migrants traveling long distances choose large metropoliss Urban occupants are less migratory than rural dwellers Young grownups are more likely to travel so households Migration occurs because persons search for nutrient, sex and security outside their usual habitation Labor markets in industrialised economic systems are regulated by migration. There are certain factors which force people to travel out of their bing home ground to topographic points which are attractive. These factors are known as push and pull factors as shown in the tabular array.Pull FactorsJob chances, Better life conditions, Political and/or spiritual freedom, Enjoyment, Education, Better medical attention, Security, Family links, Industry, Better opportunities of happening wooingPush FactorsNot plenty occupations, Few chances, â€Å" Crude † conditions, Desertification, Famine/drought, Political fear/persecution, Poor medical attention, Loss of wealth, Natural Disasters, Death menaces, Slavery, Pollution, Poor lodging, Landlords, Bullying, Poor opportunities of happening wooingRelationship between HIV/AIDS and MigrationLinkss between HIV/AIDS and migration are close and complex. The current geographics of the AIDS epidemic is besides the hint to its nexus with mobility. It has been observed in surveies that the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS is non in the poorest states but those with good conveyance substructure, comparatively high degrees of economic development and considerable internal and cross-border migration. Understanding the relationship between mobility and AIDS can therefore aid in the anticipation and therefore the bar of spread elsewhere. There are four cardinal ways in which migration is tied to the rapid spread and High prevalence of HIV/AIDS: There is a higher rate of infection in ‘migrant communities ‘ which are frequently socially, economically and politically marginalized. The societal webs of migrators create chance for nomadic sexual networking. Migration gives in itself as mentioned above chance to people and do them more vulnerable to high hazard sexual behaviour. Migration makes people hard to make through intercessions such as instruction, rubber proviso, HIV proving and post infection intervention and attention.Empirical grounds of the nexus between HIV/AIDS and migrationIn South Africa the incidence of HIV has been found to be higher near roads and amongst people who either have personal migration experience or have sexual spouses who are migrators. In Southern and West Africa, migratory workers and their sexual spouses have a higher degree of infection rates than general population. Traveling Traders and truck drivers often show stunningly high rates of infection as reported in another South African Study. Boundary line towns have higher rates of HIV prevalence, being topographic points where transients such as truck drivers etc come in contact with local population which is distant from centrally oriented national AIDS control plans.High Hazard GroupsYoung labourers seeking employment in center or high income states after making as labour immigrants and going economically feasible tend to indulge in active sexual patterns including unprotected commercial sex with multiple spouses. Refugees and internally displaced individuals have besides been found to be particularly vulnerable to HIV infection because of the same break that caused them to migrate. e.g. refuge adult females raped by soldiers. Sexual activity is portion of certain labour civilizations in which migrators from really low socioeconomic backgrounds arrive in countries where physical labour like mining etc is required. These labourers are forced into sex by supervisors and chance suppliers. This includes homosexualism and heterosexualism and so the person has sex with the spouse at place. Peoples who spend clip off from place due to the nature of their work and autumn into multiple short term relationships inclusive of commercial sex, vitamin E g in Zambia low income work forces populating off from place for one or two months a twelvemonth are twice every bit likely to get HIV so work forces populating at place. Gender kineticss besides have different hazards of exposures to HIV in migration as adult females are peculiarly at hazard of transactional sex.AIDS patients and MigrationPeoples with AIDS normally return to populate with households to obtain attention. This includes traveling from Urban to rural or from a high income to a low income state. e.g. South Africa to Lesotho Some migrate back to supply attention to patient at place Loss of household income due to decease of a gaining household member by AIDS causes other household members to migrate seeking work chances. In countries where decease and enervation due to HIV is doing diminution in productiveness and addition in poorness, dwellers are forced to travel out. High rates of decease in certain labour sectors forces people to migrate from other parts into that country. Peoples with diagnosed HIV may migrate to avoid stigmatisation by their ain community or to seek better wellness attention for their unwellness. This involves cross-border motions to a state perceived to hold better wellness attention installations. HIV/AIDS decease toll consequences in spreads and economical deficits taking states to seek replacing accomplishments from other parts of the universe. AIDS orphans and widows or widowmans who sometimes are septic themselves besides migrate to populate with other relations or have to remarry confronting resettlement.HIV & A ; Migration – Regional impactEurope Harmonizing to important migratory tracts there are considerable differences across Europe. Greece, Portugal. Serbia and Spain provide beginnings casting HIV-1 as these states attract tourers and therefore HIV migrate from southern to Central Europe by agencies of septic travellers. Migratory marks are Austria, Belgium and Luxembourg and therefore highlighted as HIV migratory marks. Bidirectional motion occurs across Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, Netherland, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. Luxembourg has the highest rate of imported infections with most tracts arising in Portugal, while Netherlands has been found to hold the most diverse geographical beginning of HIV research workers have found that HIV migration from bi directional states was important. Asia In Asia the most important states in context of AIDS are Bangladesh, China, Srilanka, North Korea, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Mongolia. Although in remainder of Asia the pandemic degree is comparatively low but the nature of socio-economic characteristics can take to an detonation of an epidemic. In India entirely there are 5.1 million people populating with HIV i.e. 2nd largest after South Africa. There are migrators within this part who really frequently face poverty favoritism and development. They besides suffer from disaffection and a sense of namelessness and small entree to healthcare services instruction and separation from households. All these factors make them more vulnerable to get HIV. There is a big incidence of harlotry amongst migrators in these countries along with pattern of unprotected sex and cross boundary line commercial sex work farther lending to distribute of HIV. United states In North America there is high motion of immigrants from all parts of the Earth. USA and Brazil are of import in this context. USA for the past 20 old ages had a policy of prohibition over entry of anyone who is HIV positive. On October 31 2009 the US president announced that the prohibition was traveling to be lifted and from January 2010 anyone positive with HIV will non be denied entry to US on this footing. This proclamation was taken with a positive response in relation to cut downing the stigma associated with HIV. The figure of people populating in Brazil with HIV is 727601 the spread of HIV in Brazil is mostly attributed to the frequent migration of the population within the national boundary lines as opposed to international migration. Australia Australia best exemplifies the relationship of AIDS and migration as because of its independent geographical state of affairs and regulated in-migration Torahs the control of AIDS epidemic has been extremely successful. Australia besides has a policy harmonizing to which any immigrant who is HIV positive at clip of application is denied in-migration or is put in to a procedure of entreaty which is long plenty for the applier to retreat from the procedure. Africa Seventy per cent of the 36 million people septic worldwide with HIV live in Sub-Saharan Africa and within this part the states of Southern Africa are the worst affected. The eight states with the highest rates of infection are in Southern Africa, followed by six states in East Africa, and so five other states, merely one exterior Africa. The grounds why the highest rates of infection in the universe occur in Southern Africa are ill-defined. Although the states of the part have much in common, their histories over the last 20 old ages have been really different. AIDS in Africa is a pandemic affecting lives of over 22.5 million people in Sub Saharan Africa entirely. Swaziland, Botswana, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, Central African Republic, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Cote di Ivoire, Cameroon, Kenya, Burundi, Liberia, Haiti and Nigeria have the highest Numberss of HIV positive patients. Significant illustration of Zimbabwean migration to neighbouring provinces is disputed, estimations range from more than three million people to a few hundred 1000, doing it hard to do an overall appraisal of the spread of HIV/AIDS transference Similarly South African migration undertaking ( SAMP ) found that migration was one of the chief factors lendingProposed Solutions towards cut downing the hazard of HIV spread through migrationHIV has been recognized as one of the taking wellness challenges in the universe today so most of the stairss mentioned are already implemented in some states but still spreads in policies and wellness systems need to be filled As proposed by UNAIDS Labor migration policies need to be implemented and integrated in all facets of wellness system including Government statute law, actions by Civil Society, Workers organisations and concerns and international spouses to give maximal protection and services to migrating labour from HIV as a vulnerable group. Health programmes in states should aim non merely the national populations but besides be aimed at migrators, travellers and tourers who are both major beginning and marks of HIV. It is of import non to stigmatise migrators as carriers of disease. Peoples to be kept out is short sighted and encourages xenophobia farther marginalising already vulnerable migratory communities and exacerbates the socio-economic conditions that contribute to distribute of HIV. Legal limitations that attempt to forestall migration create clandestine flows of people, excluded from entree to medical and societal services. Alternatively of ineffectual efforts to forestall people from traveling, there need to be HIV/AIDS intercessions from instruction and bar through proving and reding to intervention and attention that are designed for and targeted at peculiar migratory populations. Focused intercessions in new locations for migrators until they become incorporate good into the new societies. Trans-migrants who have more than one places need intercessions at all their occupant topographic points. Mobile population are the most hard to make but can be given intercessions harmonizing to motions like rubbers at truck Michigans, Education stuff in coachs and nomadic clinics. Rapid response in extremely nomadic signifier for communities seeking safety in conditions like war. Inculcating migrators with instruction, bar, proving and intervention is the best manner of supplying protection to vulnerable communities seeking support through migration.

Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Essays

Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Essays Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Paper Given time Stolypins work might have saved Tsarism Paper The 1905 revolution showed that the social and economic structure of Russia was changing; this would necessitate a change in the political structure and if it wasnt addressed could destroy Tsarism. The Tsar took this as a warning and began to build on the relationships he had with his people. The October Manifesto of 1905 formalised the change in the relationship between the Tsar and his people. This meant that there was now a Duma in place. After the fall of the first Duma Stolypin was made Prime Minister. His key strategy was no return to absolutism and he used the motto pacification then reform, meaning if he could bring about social stability then social and political reform would soon follow. This would reduce the appeal of Revolutionaries and Tsarism would be saved. The first Duma was introduced by Count Sergei Witte in April 1906. The Duma expected the October manifesto to have changed the way Russian politics were run, however they were disappointed. A large loan from France stopped any chance the Duma might have had of exercising any financial control. The Fundamental Laws were then introduced and they divided the Duma. No law could be passed now without imperial approval, both sides grew bitter and resented each other. Nicholas dissolved the Duma in July 1906 and made Stolypin Prime Minister. Stolypin kept with his uncompromising approach to revolutionaries and he came down heavily on armed peasant insurrectionists who were protesting about the Duma. He had good reason to act like this as a social revolutionary bomb has blew up his house, injuring his daughter, killing 27 others but missing him. : The harshness of Stolypins response can be gauged from the term which was used for the hangmans noose- Stolypins Necktie. This was used right up to April 1907. The British ambassador stated about Russia public opinion is not as revolutionary as it was a year ago. By using methods which he saw fit Stolypin had secured social stability and was now ready to begin political reform. The second Duma was introduced in February 1907 and lasted only until June 1907, it was a complete disaster. It proposed nothing constructive looking only at civil rights, policing and improvement in workers conditions. Members of the Second Duma however were now prepared to work with the Tsar so consequently it was dissolved. Stolypin realised that if Tsarism was to be saved a Duma had to be created that was willing to work with him. In November 1907 the 3rd Duma came into being. This Duma was put together by Stolypin and Octobrists dominated most of the seats. However their 154 seats feel short of the 222 which were required do they had to combine with the Kadets and create a working majority. This was the first successful Duma to have been created in Russia and this meant a peaceful period in Russian History. Having secured a working majority, Stolypin set about Reforming Russia. Stolypins overall aim was to establish a modern constitutional Russian state and rural reforms were necessary to achieve this goal. Stolypin introduced the land law in November 1906 which was passed by decree but not approved by the Duma until June 1910. Redemption payments were abolished in January 1907 and there was an extension of credit through Peasant land Bank- this issued loans to allow peasants to purchase more land. Crowned state lands were to be made available for this purpose and as a result peasant holdings increased. Stolypin also encouraged peasants to leave commune and become private landowners. This would create a group of private proprietors with a vested interest in maintaining a regime who would hold their revolutionary neighbours in check. Furthermore a resettlement programme was organised to move peasants out of the overcrowded areas of central Russia. During the period 1906 to 1913, three million peasants moved to Siberia and central Asia settling on lands which the government had made available. Stolypin hope for stability in rural communities and to increase the efficiency of agriculture. Actually in the short term the countryside was successfully pacified and Russian agriculture did become more efficient. On the negative side he only dealt with 10% of the population increase so he never really solved the problem and the exceptionally good harvests marked peasant discontent. After the agrarian reforms Stolypin moved on to urban reforms to help save Tsarism. He sought to bring peace to the industrial workplace. Between 1907 and 1912 the number of strikes declined and the industrial workforce relatively subdued this however was not due to Stolypins reforms. Although trade unions had been made legal there was no strike fun and activities were restricted. Faith in trade unions declined greatly from 1907 onwards till about 1913. To sum up, the proletariat expanded significantly after 1910 and industrial unrest returned with a vengeance from 1912. This gave Stolypin and the Tsar some more time and helped to save Tsarism. To further delay the downfall of Tsarist autocracy Stolypin looked at the policy of Russification. He was perfectly prepared to accept the distinctive ideas and identities of people within the Russian Empire as long as those same people were prepared to accept their primary identity as Russian. The Russian Nationalists supported Stolypins policy of Russification and to implement it he introduced allegedly democratic reforms which were really anti-nationalist policies, this showed how shrewd that Stolypin really was. He dealt with the National minorities in a reasonably fair way however there was still discontent amongst the people so he could probably have done more. He only found a temporary solution soon everything would fall to pieces once more. Stolypin was keen to eradicate ignorance, which he believed was at the root of Russias social and political distress. He believed that an educated population could supply Russia with the desired workforce. This in turn would improve the Russian economy. In the Duma years pre 1914, expenditure on education quadrupled and literacy increased from 30% in 1900 to 40% in 1914. Given time Stolypins work probably would have saved Tsarism. He successfully stopped all who presented a threat to the Tsar, by introducing Urban and rural reforms. These were also very important in preventing the downfall of Tsarism. However his assassination ended a peaceful transition to a modern constitutional regime. If his assassination had not happened Tsarist authority may have lasted for longer in Russia.

Abolition of Capital Punishment in Canada

Abolition of Capital Punishment in Canada The removal of capital punishment from the Canadian Criminal Code in 1976 has not led to an increase in the murder rate in Canada. In fact, Statistics Canada reports that the murder rate has generally been declining since the mid-1970s. In 2009, the national murder rate in Canada was 1.81 homicides per 100,000 population, compared to the mid-1970s when it was around 3.0. The total number of murders in Canada in 2009 was 610, one fewer than in 2008. Murder rates in Canada are generally about a third of those in the United States. Canadian Sentences for Murder While proponents of the death penalty may cite capital punishment as a deterrent to murder, that has not been the case in Canada. Sentences currently in use in Canada for murder are: First-degree murder - a life sentence with no possibility of parole for 25 yearsSecond-degree murder - a life sentence with no possibility of parole for at least ten yearsManslaughter - a life sentence with parole eligibility after seven years Wrongful Convictions A strong argument used against capital punishment is the possibility of mistakes. Wrongful convictions in Canada have had a high profile, including David Milgaard - sentenced to life imprisonment for the 1969 murder of Gail Miller, a Saskatoon nursing aide. Milgaard spent 22 years in prison, The Supreme Court set aside Milgaards conviction in 1992, and he was cleared by DNA evidence in 1997. The Saskatchewan government awarded Milgaard $10 million for his wrongful conviction.Donald Marshall Jr. - convicted of the 1971 stabbing murder of Sandy Seale in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Marshall was acquitted in 1983 after spending 11 years in prison.Guy Paul Morin - sentenced to life imprisonment in 1992 for the first-degree murder of nine-year-old neighbor Christine Jessop, Morin was exonerated in 1996 by DNA testing. Morin and his parents received a $1.25 million settlement.Thomas Sophonow - tried three times and convicted twice of the 1981 murder of donut shop waitress Barbara Stoppel in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Both convictions were overturned on appeal, and the Supreme Court of Canada prevented the fourth trial of Sophonow. DNA evidence clear ed Sophonow in 2000, and he was awarded $2.6 million in compensation. Clayton Johnson - convicted in 1993 of the first-degree murder of his wife. In 2002, the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal overturned the conviction and ordered a new trial. The Crown said it had no new evidence and Johnson was set free.

The Influence of Age on the Perception of Decriminalizing Marijuana Research Paper

The Influence of Age on the Perception of Decriminalizing Marijuana - Research Paper Example Cannabis refers to products which may be obtained from the hemp plant, which is scientifically known as cannabis. Marijuana is obtained from cannabis(Jenkins, 2006). Pacula, et al. (2005) defined the term decriminalization almost literally as the â€Å"removal in the criminal status of cannabis possession offenses† (P. 348). However, Pacula, et al. (2005) observed that decriminalization remained undefined in the field of international policy. It is also worth mentioning at this point that a number of countries and sub-jurisdictions who were publicized to have decriminalized marijuana actually just reduced the penalties for offenses pertaining to possession of marijuana or cannabis for amounts specified by law (Pacula, 2005). The following studies were reviewed either for their direct or indirect bearing on the topic of this study: McCoun et al. (2009) suggested that the effect of the law on decriminalization of marijuana varies among age groups. In adult populations, the law h as a significant effect on marijuana use. Inversely, youth populations appear to be unfazed by regulations and sanctions (as cited in McCoun, et al. 2009). McCoun, et al. (2009) also argued that the impact of legal sanctions differs significantly depending on the age group being studied. Results of their analysis of Australian cannabis consumption show that the youth have a lower tendency to be swayed by legal sanctions. In contrast, adult subjects are largely influenced by government policies.   The authors expressed concern about immediately concluding that the youth are less sensitive to marijuana-related arrests because young people are more impulsive and prone to risky behavior. The McCoun, et al. (2009) study has the most bearing on the current study in the sense that the study tackled decriminalization of marijuana and that the effect of age was studies as a predictor variable. However, the McCoun (2009) work is different from the present study since the effect of age on pr ohibition was studied, instead of the effect of age on perceptions about decriminalizing marijuana as proposed in this study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reyda and Farley (2006) supports the popular notion about young people and marijuana use. The authors cited evidence revealed in their study that vulnerability of adolescents to be influenced to use marijuana is lessened as they grow older. In addition, it is shown that adolescents are prone to miscalculating risks and developing biases in terms of decision making and judgment than when they grow older. Reyda and Farley’s work has indirect bearing on the study, but nonetheless, their findings bolster this researcher’s position that college students as young people would be supportive of decriminalizing marijuana since marijuana use is tagged to younger people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, Fetherston and Lenton (2005) investigated public perception on the legalization of cannabis by conducting randomized ph one surveys on 809 residents of Western Australia. The respondents were asked regarding their views on cannabis legalization, attitudes towards a proposed legislative model, and their opinion of its perceived effects. Initial participant responses show that majority of respondents share a negative view regarding cannabis. However, most participants consider criminal sanctions against cannabis use as inappropriate and ineffective.